The CFPB Puts Companies on Notice About Harmful Debt Collection Practices

CFPB Publishes Action Letters for Consumers and Begins Taking Debt Collection Complaints

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Today, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) put companies on notice through bulletins advising that all companies under Bureau jurisdiction will be held accountable for unlawful conduct in collecting a consumer’s debts. The CFPB also announced that it is now accepting debt collection complaints and is publishing action letters for consumers to consider using in corresponding with debt collectors.

“These bulletins make clear that it doesn’t matter who is collecting the debt — unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices are illegal,” said CFPB Director Richard Cordray at a field hearing in Portland, Maine. “Consumers need options to help them secure fair and respectful treatment from those debt collectors that fail to abide by the law. They can protect themselves by using our action letters to communicate with debt collectors and by submitting a complaint to us if they believe they are harmed by illegal conduct.”

Debt collection is a multi-billion dollar industry. It is estimated that there are more than 4,500 debt collection firms in the U.S. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as of the first quarter of this year, almost 15 percent of all credit reports – covering an estimated 30 million consumers – show collection items from debt collection. These consumers had at least one debt in collections for amounts that averaged about $1,400.

Many collection firms play by the rules and treat consumers fairly, but those that do not can cause financial harm to consumers and undermine the marketplace. Banks and other creditors may collect their own debt. They also may hire a debt collector or sell the debt to third parties. Those third-party debt buyers may collect the debt themselves or sell it again.

Bulletins on Practices in the Debt Collection Market

The Bureau published two bulletins on debt collection today. The first makes clear that any entity subject to the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, whether a third-party collector or a creditor collecting its own debts, can be held accountable for any unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices in collecting a consumer’s debts. The second warns companies to avoid deceptive statements concerning the impact of paying a debt on a consumer’s credit score, credit report, or creditworthiness.

According to the first bulletin the following practices, among others, may be illegal:

• Threatening action that the debt collector does not have the authority to pursue. Debt collectors and creditors should not make false threats of lawsuits, arrest, prosecution, or imprisonment for non-payment of debt.

• Falsely representing the character, amount, or legal status of the debt. Debt collectors and creditors should not falsely represent who owns the debt, the amount of debt that is owed, or the debt’s legal status.

• Misrepresenting that a consumer’s debt would be waived or forgiven. Debt collectors and creditors should not misrepresent that a debt would be waived or forgiven if a consumer accepted a settlement offer when the company is not, in fact, forgiving or waiving the debt.

• Failing to properly post payments or credit to a consumer’s account with payments. Debt collectors and creditors should not fail to properly post payments or credit to a consumer’s account and then charge late fees to that customer if the customer paid on time.

The bulletin on unfair, deceptive, and abusive practices is available at: https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201307_cfpb_bulletin_unfair-deceptive-abusive-practices.pdf

The CFPB is also releasing a second bulletin today that warns companies about statements they make about how paying a debt will affect a consumer’s credit score, credit report, or creditworthiness. The Bureau is concerned that some of these statements – like telling consumers that paying a debt would improve their credit score – may be deceptive. The bulletin highlights examples of potentially deceptive claims debt collectors may be making to consumers about their credit reports and credit scores.

The bulletin on debt collectors discussing consumers’ credit is available at: https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201307_cfpb_bulletin_collections-consumer-credit.pdf

Action Letters for Consumers
The CFPB is also publishing five action letters that consumers can consider using when corresponding with debt collectors. These letters may help consumers obtain valuable information about claims being made against them or may help consumers protect themselves from inappropriate or unwanted collection activities. The letters address the following situations when the consumer:

• Needs more information on the debt: The first letter is for consumers who need more information about a debt the collector has told them that they owe. The letter states that the consumer is disputing the charges until the debt collector answers specific questions about what is owed. This letter may be useful, for example, for a consumer who may not immediately recognize the debt as their own or for those who want to find out more about the debt before they pay it.

• Wants to restrict how and when a debt collector can contact them: The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act prohibits debt collectors from contacting a consumer about a debt at a time or place they should know is inconvenient. With this letter, the consumer is able to tell the debt collector how they would like to be contacted. This may be a useful option for a consumer who wants to work with a collector to resolve their debt.

• Has hired a lawyer: If a consumer has hired a lawyer, generally, the debt collector should be contacting the lawyer instead of the consumer. This letter template provides a way for the consumer to give the debt collector the lawyer’s information and instruct the collector to contact only the lawyer.

• Wants the debt collector to stop any and all contact: Consumers have the right to tell a debt collector to stop all communication. It is important, however, to note that stopping contact from a debt collector does not cancel the debt or prohibit the collector from potentially pursuing other remedies, such as filing a lawsuit. This letter template could be beneficial for those consumers who feel they are being harassed by a collector’s communications.

Debt Collection Complaints
The CFPB also announced that it is taking complaints about debt collection as of 9 a.m. Wednesday. The CFPB can accept complaints from consumers experiencing debt collection problems related to any consumer debt, including credit card debt, mortgages, auto loans, medical bills, and student loans.

Consumers can submit a complaint to the CFPB against any company collecting a consumer debt from them. Consumers can choose to also file a second, separate complaint against the company with which they had the original account. If consumers submit their debt collection complaint through the CFPB website, they will be using an intake system that is newly designed to improve the user’s experience.

The CFPB has been taking consumer complaints since launching on July 21, 2011, beginning with credit card complaints, and also accepts complaints about mortgages, bank accounts and services, private student loans, consumer loans, credit reporting, and money transfers. The Bureau requests that all companies respond to complaints within 15 days with the steps they have taken or plan to take, and expects all but the most complicated complaints to be closed in 60 days. Consumers are given a tracking number after submitting a complaint and can check the status of their complaint by logging on to the CFPB website.

To submit a debt collection complaint, consumers can:

• Go online at www.consumerfinance.gov/complaint
• Call the toll-free phone number at -(855)-411-CFPB (2372)or TTY/TDD phone number (855) 729-CFPB (2372)
• Fax the CFPB at (855)-237-2392 or
• Mail a letter to: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, P.O. Box 4503, Iowa City, Iowa 52244

Student loan borrowers who have been contacted by a debt collector can learn more about their options by using this online web tool, Repay Student Debt.

A factsheet about debt collection is available at: https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201307_cfpb_factsheet_debt-collection.pdf